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NC Department of Health and Human Services. Overdose epidemic, Available at: https://www.ncdhhs.gov/about/department-initiatives/overdose-epidemic#:∼:text=Due%20to%20decades%20of%20prescribing,is%20devastating%20families%20and%20communities. Accessed 2022.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. What is the U.S. opioid epidemic?, Available at: https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/about-the-epidemic/index.html. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Addressing the infectious disease consequences of the U.S. opioid crisis: CDC’s work improves health and saves money, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/budget/infographics/docs/NCHHSTP-opioids-P.pdf. Accessed 2022.
- Policy and public health:reducing the burden of infectious diseases.Public Health Rep. 2020; 135: 5S-9S
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis surveillance, 2019, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2019surveillance/index.htm. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infectious diseases, opioids and injection drug use, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/pwid/opioid-use.html. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Injection drug use, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/drugs/index.html. Accessed 2022.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Viral hepatitis national strategic plan for the United States: a roadmap to elimination (2021-2025), Available at: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/Viral-Hepatitis-National-Strategic-Plan-2021-2025.pdf. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Syringe services programs (SSPs), Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/ssp/index.html. Accessed 2022.
NC Department of Health and Human Services. North Carolina Safer Syringe Initiative, Available at: https://www.ncdhhs.gov/divisions/public-health/north-carolina-safer-syringe-initiative. Accessed 2022.
- The Significance of harm reduction as a social and health care intervention for injecting drug users: an exploratory study of a needle exchange program in Fresno, California.Soc Work Publ Health. 2016; 31: 398-407
- The association between neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and high-risk injection behavior among people who inject drugs.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018; 183: 184-191
- Measuring individual-level needle and syringe coverage among people who inject drugs in Myanmar.Int J Drug Policy. 2018; 58: 22-30
- Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 9: CD012021
- Examination of pharmacists’ support for implementation of syringe exchange programs in community pharmacies in.in: North Carolina: a social ecological approach. The University of North Carolina at, Greensboro, NC, USA2020
- Effectiveness of pharmacy-based needle/syringe exchange programme for people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Addiction. 2017; 112: 236-247
- State laws governing syringe services programs and participant syringe possession, 2014-2019.Public Health Rep. 2020; 135: 128S-137S
North America Syringe Eschange Network. Syringe supply (SSP) locations, Available at: https://nasen.org/. Accessed 2022.
NC Department of Health and Human Services. Syringe services program in North Carolina, Available at: https://www.ncdhhs.gov/divisions/public-health/north-carolina-safer-syringe-initiative/syringe-services-program-north-carolina. Accessed 2022.
- Syringe access, syringe sharing, and police encounters among people who inject drugs in New York City: a community-level perspective.Int J Drug Policy. 2014; 25: 105-111
- Geographic disparities in access to syringe services programs among young persons with hepatitis C virus infection in the United States.Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 65: 514-517
- Qualitative case study of needle exchange programs in the Central Appalachian region of the United States.PLoS One. 2018; 13: e0205466
- Uptake of needle and syringe program services in the Kyrgyz Republic: Key barriers and facilitators.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017; 179: 180-186
- Injecting on the Island: a qualitative exploration of the service needs of persons who inject drugs in Prince Edward Island, Canada.Harm Reduct J. 2014; 11: 10
- Hepatitis C-A clinical review.J Med Virol. 2016; 88: 1844-1855
- Differential access to syringe exchange and other prevention activities among people who inject drugs in rural and urban areas of Puerto Rico.Int J Drug Policy. 2017; 43: 16-22
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35319/2020NSDUHFFR102121.htm. Accessed 2022.
American Medical Association. Issue brief: nation’s drug-related overdose and death epidemic continues to worsen, Available at: https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/issue-brief-increases-in-opioid-related-overdose.pdf. Accessed 2022.
- Addressing long overdue social and structural determinants of the opioid epidemic.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021; 222: 108679
- Stigma as a fundamental hindrance to the United States opioid overdose crisis response.PLoS Med. 2019; 16: e1002969
NC Department of Health and Human Services. North Carolina reports 40% increase in overdose deaths in 2020 compared to 2019; NCDHHS continues fight against overdose epidemic, Available at: https://www.ncdhhs.gov/news/press-releases/2022/03/21/north-carolina-reports-40-increase-overdose-deaths-2020-compared-2019-ncdhhs-continues-fight-against#:∼:text=The%20North%20Carolina%20Department%20of,life%20we%20should%20have%20saved. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2020surveillance/hepatitis-c.htm. Accessed 2022.
NC Department of Health and Human Services. Viral Hepatitis C in North Carolina, 2020, Available at: https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/stds/figures/2020-HepC-FactSheet-Final.pdf. Accessed 2022.
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2030, Available at: https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/infectious-disease/reduce-rate-acute-hepatitis-c-iid-12. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C - FAQs, statistics, data, & guidelines, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/index.htm. Accessed 2022.
American Liver Foundation. Hepatitis - the silent epidemic, Available at: https://liverfoundation.org/resource-center/blog/hepatitis-the-silent-epidemic/. Accessed 2022.
- Rising mortality associated with hepatitis C Virus in the United States, 2003-2013.Clin Infect Dis. 2016; 62: 1287-1288
American Liver Foundation. Liver transplant, Available at: https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/treatment/liver-transplant/. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Table 3.8. Numbers and rates of deaths with hepatitis C virus infection listed as a cause of death† among residents, by demographic characteristics — United States, 2016-2020, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2020surveillance/hepatitis-c/table-3.8.htm. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Figure 3.7. Availability of information on risk behaviors or exposures associated with reported cases of acute hepatitis C virus infection — United States, 2020, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2020surveillance/hepatitis-c/figure-3.7.htm. Accessed 2022.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Viral Hepatitis National Strategic Plan, Available at: https://www.hhs.gov/hepatitis/viral-hepatitis-national-strategic-plan/index.html. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meeting of the CDC/HRSA advisory committee on HIV, viral hepatitis, STD prevention and treatment, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/maso/facm/pdfs/chachspt/CHAC-Minutes-May-10-11-2017-508c.pdf. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Figure 2.1. Number of reported cases of acute hepatitis B virus infection and estimated infections — United States, 2013-2020, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2020surveillance/hepatitis-b/figure-2.1.htm. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C Surveillance in the United States for 2019, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2019surveillance/HepC.htm. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B Surveillance in the United States for 2019, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2019surveillance/HepB.htm. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Table 2.1. Numbers and rates of reported cases of acute hepatitis B virus infection, by state or jurisdiction — United States, 2016-2020, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2020surveillance/hepatitis-b/table-2.1.htm. Accessed 2022.
HP 2030. Reduce the rate of acute hepatitis B — IID-11, Available at: https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/infectious-disease/reduce-rate-acute-hepatitis-b-iid-11. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B questions and answers for health professionals, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/hbvfaq.htm#treatment. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Figure 2.7. Availability of information on risk behaviors or exposures associated with reported cases of acute hepatitis B virus infection — United States, 2020, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2020surveillance/hepatitis-b/figure-2.7.htm. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV and injection drug use, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/hiv-transmission/injection-drug-use.html. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV incidence, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/in-us/incidence.html. Accessed 2022.
- HIV outbreak control with effective access to care and harm reduction in North Carolina, 2017-2018.Am J Public Health. 2020; 110: 394-400
NC Harm Reduction Coalition. NC Harm Reduction Coalition, Available at: https://www.nchrc.org. Accessed 2022.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evidence-based strategies for preventing opioid overdose: what’s working in the United States, Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2018-evidence-based-strategies.pdf. Accessed 2022.
- Are needle and syringe programmes associated with a reduction in HIV transmission among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Epidemiol. 2013; 43: 235-248
NC Department of Health and Human Services. SSP models, Available at: https://www.ncdhhs.gov/divisions/public-health/north-carolina-safer-syringe-initiative/ssp-models. Accessed 2022.
National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors. COVID-19 vaccine: guidance for syringe services programs, health departments, and people who use drugs, Available at: https://nastad.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/PDF-COVID-19-Vaccine-Guidance.pdf. Accessed 2022.
- Prevention knowledge, risk behaviours and seroprevalence among nonurban injectors of southwest Connecticut.Drug Alcohol Rev. 2016; 35: 628-636
- Reduction of Injection-Related Risk Behaviors After Emergency Implementation of a Syringe Services Program During an HIV Outbreak.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018; 77: 373-382
- Reduction in injection risk behaviors after implementation of a syringe services program, Miami, Florida.J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021; 127: 108344
- The impact of syringe services program policy on risk behaviors among persons who inject drugs in 3 US Cities, 2005-2015.Public Health Rep. 2020; 135: 138S-148S
- Changes in Reported Injection Behaviors Following the Public Health Response to an HIV Outbreak Among People Who Inject Drugs: Indiana, 2016.AIDS Behav. 2019; 23: 3257-3266
- Significant decrease in injection risk behaviours among participants in a needle exchange programme.Infect Dis (Lond). 2020; 52: 336-346
- Syringe services programs in the Bluegrass: evidence of population health benefits using Kentucky Medicaid data.J Rural Health. 2022; 38: 620-629
- Making the case for syringe services programs.Public Health Rep. 2020; 135: 10S-12S
- Dynamics of the HIV outbreak and response in Scott County, IN, USA, 2011-15: a modelling study.Lancet HIV. 2018; 5: e569-e577
- Implementation of syringe services programs to prevent rapid human immunodeficiency virus transmission in rural counties in the United States: a modeling study.Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 70: 1096-1102
NC Opioid Settlement. North Carolina Opioid Settlement, Available at: https://ncopioidsettlement.org/webinars/. Accessed 2022.
- Syringe disposal among people who inject drugs before and after the implementation of a syringe services program.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019; 202: 13-17
- Syringe disposal among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles: the role of sterile syringe source.Int J Drug Policy. 2014; 25: 905-910
- Injecting substance use in prisons in the United States: a case for needle exchange programs.Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2021; 47: 273-279
- Health outcomes for clients of needle and syringe programs in prisons.Epidemiol Rev. 2018; 40: 96-104
- Reduced injection frequency and increased entry and retention in drug treatment associated with needle-exchange participation in Seattle drug injectors.J Subst Abuse Treat. 2000; 19: 247-252
- A comparison of syringe disposal practices among injection drug users in a city with versus a city without needle and syringe programs.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012; 123: 255-259
- Needle exchange programs and experience of violence in an inner city neighborhood.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001; 28: 282-288
Saad L., Military brass, judges among professions at new image lows, Available at: https://news.gallup.com/poll/388649/military-brass-judges-among-professions-new-image-lows.aspx. Accessed 2022.
NC Nurses Association. NCNA active position statements, Available at: https://www.ncnurses.org/about-ncna/about-ncna/position-statements/. Accessed 2022.
American Nurses Association. Needle exchange and HIV, Available at: https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/official-position-statements/id/needle-exchange-and-hiv/. Accessed 2022.
American Nurses Association. Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements, Available at: https://www.nursingworld.org/coe-view-only. Accessed 2022.
Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. Position statement: syringe access programs, Available at: https://www.nursesinaidscare.org/files/public/PS_Syringe_Access_Programs_Rev_01_2009.pdf. Accessed 2022.
International Council of Nurses. The ICN code of ethics for nurses, Available at: https://www.icn.ch/system/files/documents/2020-10/CoE_Version%20for%20Consultation_October%202020_EN.pdf. Accessed 2022.
